Water And Sanitation Needs Assessment Model User Guide

Summary

MDG Needs Assessment Tools
Water and Sanitation Needs Assessment Model
USER GUIDE
DRAFT v. 1.0
24 July 2005
This User Guide is designed to be used in conjunction with the Water and Sanitation Needs
Assessment model available at
http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/policy/index.htm
This User Guide was prepared by Alice Wiemers
Comments and suggestions are welcome and should be sent to the author
at [email protected]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. NEEDS ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW...........................................................................1
MDG Needs Assessments...........................................................................................1
II. WATER AND SANITATION MODEL BASICS.........................................................4
Objective.........................................................................................................................4
Scope...............................................................................................................................4
Basic Sanitation..............................................................................................................5
Wastewater infrastructure is needed to support use of sewered technologies............6
Hygiene and Education...................................................................................................6
Data Requirements..........................................................................................................8
III. USING THE WATER AND SANITATION MODEL..............................................10
Modeling Methodology................................................................................................10
The Worksheets............................................................................................................12
Overview sheet..........................................................................................................12
Interventions.............................................................................................................12
Population Data.........................................................................................................12
Coverage...................................................................................................................12
Costs..........................................................................................................................15
Water Supply and Sanitation....................................................................................16
Hygiene and Education.............................................................................................17
Organizing Data........................................................................................................17
Resource Needs.........................................................................................................18
Summary Sheet.........................................................................................................21
Region Aggregator....................................................................................................21 Totals
check--sums to access inputs above?yesyes
IV. ADAPTING THE MODEL........................................................................................23
V. CHECKING RESULTS AND TROUBLE-SHOOTING............................................25
Checking Results......................................................................................................25
Trouble-shooting.......................................................................................................26
Unrealistically high or low resource estimates.........................................................26
VI. OTHER RESOURCES AND FURTHER READING...............................................28
Models.......................................................................................................................28
Needs Assessment and MDG-Based PRS Resources...............................................28
I. NEEDS ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
This user guide is a step-by-step introduction to the UN Millennium Project’s water and sanitation
1
needs assessment tool. It assumes that users have read the Handbook and have a basic familiarity
with the fundamentals of an MDG Needs Assessment, but does not presume any prior technical
knowledge of MDG needs assessment tools. The guide should be used concurrently with the
water and sanitation needs assessment tool, available at www.unmillenniumproject.org/policy . In
conjunction with the Handbook, it aims to help users embark on an MDG-based water and
sanitation needs assessment

Based on data input by the user, the water and sanitation needs assessment tool estimates the
associated costs to support water and sanitation interventions as part of a strategy for meeting the
MDGs at the national level. These estimates, along with estimates from other thematic areas
(education, gender, rural and urban development, etc.) will help provide the basis for a national
investment strategy for meeting the Millennium Development Goals

MDG Needs Assessments
MDG needs assessments are the analytical building blocks for developing MDG-based poverty
reduction strategies. They aim at helping governments to answer the question, “What
investments will it take to meet the MDGs by 2015?” This approach marks a fundamental shift
from current practice to strategy design, which asks the question: “How can governments best
allocate existing resources?” Traditional sectoral work is thus based on forming annual budget
allocations in a resource-constrained setting. An MDG Needs Assessment aims instead to help
countries identify what resources are needed each year over a 10-year period to meet the MDGs
by 2015. The resulting estimates can then be core inputs to an MDG investment strategy,
including sequencing and capacity building, which, along with a policy and implementation outline,
comprise a 10-year framework for meeting the MDGs

The Handbook specifies an approach to creating an MDG-based PRS, and describes in detail the
steps required to conduct an MDG needs assessment. This introduction will briefly outline these
steps, and the role that the water and sanitation model play in the overall MDG needs assessment
process

First and foremost, the MDGs need to be interpreted at the country level. This entails defining
quantitative outcome targets that are meaningful at the national level, and defining the areas of
intervention that are needed to meet each of the MDGs. For water and sanitation, the MDG
target aims to halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water by
2015, but countries may wish to alter the target – for example, by aiming to achieve it before 2015

Once outcome targets have been set, there are four steps in conducting a needs assessment,
illustrated in Figure 1 and described below

1
UN Millennium Project. Forthcoming 2005. Preparing MDG-Based Poverty Reduction Strategies: A Handbook of Best
Practice

Figure 1: Steps in an MDG Needs Assessment
1 – Develop list of interventions
Users first need to define the critical interventions required to meet the MDGs. As outlined in the
Handbook, interventions are defined broadly here as goods, services and infrastructure that need to
be provided to generate outcomes. For water and sanitation, interventions include, for example,
behavior change program. The UN Millennium Project recommends that thematic working
groups be organized as part of the MDG-based planning process. These groups will help to
guide the selection of a comprehensive set of interventions that comprise each investment cluster
[see Step 2 of the Handbook]. In many cases countries will have already elaborated such
interventions in their national and sectoral planning documents. These documents should be a
starting place for defining MDG interventions. The UN Millennium Project has drawn up sample
lists of interventions to reach the MDGs that can also be an input into thematic working group
discussions. This list will then have to be modified and adapted to national needs. The water
and sanitation interventions from these lists are the basis of the interventions outlined in this
model

2 – Specify targets for each set of interventions
Once national outcome targets have been set and interventions have been identified, countries
need to determine who the interventions should reach, what proportion of this population will
need to be covered by 2015, and how many units of each intervention are needed to reach them

This requires setting targets for each intervention and input quantity ratios that relate interventions
to the people they reach

Where relevant, targets and their corresponding interventions can be disaggregated by age and
gender as well as by urban and rural areas. For example, urban and rural areas often require
2
distinct interventions and technologies or face very different unit costs. Disaggregation by
gender and age will help countries better target services to populations in need and to adjust their
service delivery to a changing demographic profile. You will find advice on using the models to
reflect additional disaggregation in Part Four of this guide: Adapting the Model

2
A clear distinction between urban and rural needs is particularly warranted for the following categories: water
supply and sanitation, transport infrastructure and energy services

3 - Estimate resource needs
The next step is to estimate the financial, human and other resources needed to achieve the
identified targets. The UN Millennium Project’s water and sanitation model is designed to assist
countries in making these estimates. This Excel-based needs assessment tool integrates the
information input by the user to generate these estimates. It uses outcome targets, coverage targets
and ratios, and unit costs to develop aggregate as well as intervention-by-intervention estimates of
resource requirements. Similarly, simple ratios between beneficiaries, HR parameters, and
infrastructure yield the non-monetary results. A simple ten-year scale up path allows users to map
out the yearly investments needed to meet 2015 targets. The model aims to be transparent and
adaptable to national needs. This user guide focuses largely on explaining how to use and adapt
this model

4 - Check Results
With any needs assessment, the results should be carefully reviewed to make sure that they are
accurate and adequate to reach the MDGs. While every country will obtain different results based
on local circumstances, the UN Millennium Project has carried out preliminary needs assessments
in several countries that can serve as a basis for comparison. These results provide some guidance
on the order of magnitude of the costs for reaching the MDGs in a subset of low-income
countries. See the Handbook for sample results across areas and countries

The water and sanitation needs assessment is part of a broad MDG strategy that covers all
investment areas. Once needs assessments are completed for all investment clusters, they need to
be aggregated and integrated as a first step in creating a ten-year MDG framework. As part of this
consolidation process, countries should produce one summary budget outlining the projected
expenditures for meeting the MDGs. In practice, this means that each model should contain a
summary output page that can be easily summed and manipulated across clusters. This model has
three types of summaries. The first, “Summary” sheet that presents yearly results in a
reader-friendly format. The second, “Results Presentation” sheet presents a summary of the
2005, 2010, and 2015 costs in total and per-capita terms, as well as totals and averages over the
period. The third, “Results Transfer” sheet is formatted for incorporation in the UN Millennium
3
Project’s “financing model”

This user guide is designed to explain the use of the needs assessment tool as clearly and simply as
possible. As you work through it, please feel free to contact the UN Millennium Project with any
comments, questions, or suggestions for improvement. We look forward to hearing from you and
wish you good luck in the needs assessment process

3
In addition to aggregation, this model allows countries to calculate the investments that can be financed by
households and domestic government, and the remaining needs that will have to be financed by other sources such
as ODA

II. WATER AND SANITATION MODEL BASICS
Objective
The objective of the Water and Sanitation model is to estimate the resources required for a
country to achieve Millennium Development Target #10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of
people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, as well as the
interventions in water and sanitation needed to meet other MDGs (such as the health and
environmental MDGs). The model identifies the interventions needed to scale up access to safe
water and basic sanitation meet the target by 2015, and costs the associated resource requirements
from the bottom up

Scope
Millennium Development Target #10 calls for countries to halve, by 2015, the proportion of
people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (based on 1990
levels). To reflect the different areas of intervention needed to meet target 10, this model includes
interventions in the categories of water supply, basic sanitation, wastewater treatment, and hygiene
education. This model is a total cost model, meaning that it calculates the resources needed to
reach the entire target population, including the recurrent costs of interventions for the population
that currently has access to safe water and basic sanitation

Water supply interventions bring safe drinking water to users by the extension, rehabilitation, and
operation of technologies that are deemed “MDG compatible” in the national context. The
general list of technologies to be adapted to country needs includes household connections, public
stand posts, boreholes with handpumps, rainwater collection, and protected dug wells. The
model allows you to define the acceptable types of water supply technologies, and the specific mix
of technologies that will satisfy MDG needs in different areas of the country. It includes
interventions in construction, rehabilitation, and operations

Particular attention should be paid to the different technology needs of urban and rural areas

Any strategy for improving access to water supply must differentiate between urban and rural
areas since communities’ needs and appropriate technology options will differ. For example, since
wells are often more difficult to operate and less hygienic in dense urban settlements, to address
urban water supply a greater emphasis needs to be placed on household connections and
standpipes. Meanwhile, groundwater remains underutilized as a resource for drinking water supply
in many rural parts of Africa. It can be tapped through investments in wells and boreholes

The choice of the appropriate water supply system depends on factors such as community
preferences, population density, cost, remoteness, and the local geohydrological profile

Experience over the past two decades amply demonstrates that communities need to be aware of
the technical choices they need to make and their implications for use and maintenance of water
supply systems (e.g. Black 1998). Where technically and economically feasible, household
connections are preferable because they facilitate the application of lifeline tariffs or other tariff
schemes for water supply that are important to help close the revenue cycle of water providers

Many existing water supply systems are defective or do not function at all. In particular, existing
boreholes in rural areas are often in need of major rehabilitation or upgrading. In large cities across
Africa high rates of water leakage leave 39 percent of water unaccounted for (WHO and UNICEF
2000a). In such instances local authorities need to invest in the gradual rehabilitation of water
supply systems with a particular focus on repairing leaking pipes, joints and valves; preventing the
overflow of water reservoirs; and containing illegal water connections

It is often assumed that once adequate infrastructure has been put in place communities can
finance the operating costs of water supply schemes. This is not always the case, particularly in
poor urban areas and rural regions with low groundwater tables. In all cases it is important to
allocate adequate human and financial resources to the operation and maintenance of water supply
and sanitation infrastructure. Annual O&M needs may amount to as much as 5-10 percent of the
initial capital cost

Basic Sanitation
Sanitation interventions follow the same logic as water supply interventions, focusing on the
extension, rehabilitation, and operation of the sanitation technologies that will allow the country to
reach Target 10. The UN Millennium Project Task Force on Water and Sanitation defines access
4
to improved sanitation as “the access to, and use of, a facility for excreta and sullage disposal that
provides privacy while at the same time ensuring a clean and healthful living environment both at
home and in the immediate neighborhood of users.” The general list of technologies to be
adapted to country needs includes conventional sewerage, simplified sewerage, septic tanks, pour
flush toilets or latrines, VIPs, and improved pit latrines (two pit)

Sanitation systems can be broadly separated into two categories. First are networked sewered
technologies that rely on a centralized trunk infrastructure combined with off-site waste disposal

5
Here, this includes conventional and simplified sewerage . Second are decentralized systems, such
as improved singe pit latrines, ventilated improved pit latrines (VIP), pour flush toilets or septic
tanks (c.f. WHO and UNICEF 2000a)

As with water supply technologies, a distinction between rural and urban needs is usually
necessary. In densely populated urban areas a greater need exists for networked sanitation
systems, which tend to be more expensive. Rural sanitation technologies usually consist of
decentralized systems. Again, the choice of system depends on local characteristics and
preferences. As with water systems, it is important to allocate proper human and financial
resources to the operation and maintenance of sanitation infrastructure, including the regular
emptying of pit latrines and other decentralized sanitation systems. Annual O&M requirements
can amount to 5-10 percent of the initial capital cost

4
Defined as domestic sewage resulting from bathing and the washing of dishes and clothes in house

5
Sewerage systems using a simplified design standard, but with the same functionalities as traditional sewerage
(e.g. condominial design used in countries like Bolivia and Brazil)
Wastewater infrastructure is needed to support use of sewered technologies

The definition of basic sanitation does not yet include the treatment of sewage from public
sewerage systems. However, traditional and simplified sewerage systems require safe disposal of
the excreta away from the neighborhood. In large and high-density cities treatment of the effluent
wastewater may be necessary. Likewise, wastewater treatment may be required to minimize
nutrient loads carried into fragile freshwater ecosystems, such as small or shallow lakes, which may
otherwise be subjected to eutrophication. While sewerage and wastewater treatment will not be
required in all situations, in some cases public investments may be justified on economic,
environmental and public health grounds. Therefore, wastewater treatment interventions are
included in this model as part of the package of water and sanitation interventions that may be
required to meet the full set of MDGs

Options for wastewater treatment can be broadly separated into primary, secondary and tertiary
treatment. In the first case all forms of settleable and suspended solids are removed through
simple sedimentation processes or other means, while the second adds biological treatment of the
effluent. Tertiary treatment removes chemical pollutants like phosphates, nitrates, and volatile
odor-causing substances from the water. In many instances – particularly in warmer climates –
cost effective solutions, such as waste stabilization ponds, exist that combine primary and
secondary treatment. However, they require a lot of open space, which may be in short supply in
urban areas. Where available space is a constraint or if industrial effluents need to be treated, more
advanced treatment plants may need to be considered. Their high capital and operating cost can
add substantially to the cost of meeting the water and sanitation, as well as environmental
sustainability targets in urban areas

Hygiene and Education
We emphasize the critical importance of providing hygiene education in conjunction with water
and sanitation infrastructure . Only by ending unhygienic sanitation practices, such as open
defecation and improper disposal of excreta, can the full health benefits of improved water supply
and sanitation be achieved (e.g. Pruess et al. 2002, Curtis and Cairncross 2000). In many instances
the largest health improvements can be generated through targeted hygiene education promoting
hand washing with soap (Kotloff et al 1999) and proper on-site water storage to prevent microbial
contamination

Public education and awareness programs can take a number of forms, including community
workers, mass media campaigns, formal integration of water and hygiene education into school
curricula, and so forth. The best approach typically comprises a mix of these interventions and will
be time and context specific (Waterlines 2004, UNICEF 1999). Experience from around the world
shows that it typically takes a long time – sometimes up to five years – for behavior change
programs to have an impact. For this reason it is necessary to implement long-term programs that
systematically target the entire population in need

Included in this model are interventions for behavior change programs accompanying rollout of
sanitation infrastructure, hygiene education at primary schools, and country-wide mass media
campaigns

Limitations of the model. This model provides a framework for modeling direct costs of achieving a
50% reduction in the number of people without access to safe water and basic sanitation and for
the water and sanitation related interventions needed to meet other MDGs. However, several
water and sanitation related investments that countries may wish to consider are not included in
the general UN Millennium Project water and sanitation model

The first additional interventions that countries may wish to include are larger-scale interventions
in water resources infrastructure and management. These may be needed to meet Target 10 and
to align national water and sanitation strategies with the goal of environmental sustainability

Countries’ needs for improving water resources infrastructure and management vary tremendously
across countries and therefore cannot be analyzed using a standardized investment model. As part
of their needs assessments countries may identify what needs to be done to update and/or
develop new water resources management plans as well as additional water storage capacity to be
built to improve water resources infrastructure and management to promote hydropower
development, flood and drought management, and control of desertification. Corresponding
investment needs are highly site specific and would need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis

Similarly investments in irrigation and other infrastructure to improve water management for
agriculture are best quantified through detailed project studies. Some suggestions for including
water resources infrastructure and management interventions are provided in Part Four of this
user guide: Adapting the model

In addition, countries may need to include interventions to improve water quality. While the
MDG Target does not set quality standards for drinking water, it is clear that surface and in some
instances groundwater resources in several African countries are too polluted for human
consumption without prior treatment (Showers 2002). According to the Global Water Supply and
Sanitation Assessment Report over 35 percent of urban water supply violates national standards
with regards to microbiological, chemical, physical or aesthetic characteristics (WHO and
UNICEF 2000a) Where possible, communities should use water sources that do not require
treatment, such as groundwater, even if initial capital costs may be higher. The lower operating
costs and reduced need for maintenance will often exceed differences in capital costs. Where
treatment becomes necessary, several technology options become available. They include
settlement tanks, roughing filters, slow sand filters, artificial groundwater recharge, and chemical
treatment of drinking water

Users may also note that interventions for hospitals, health centers, and schools are not included
in this model. These interventions fall into the category of interventions that could easily fall into
several different investment areas. The UN Millennium Project has included these interventions
in the education and health resource estimation models, because they will most often be
implemented as part of the education and health strategies. Countries should make sure that
these investments, like other “cross sectoral” interventions, are included in one of the resource
estimation models used for a complete MDG needs assessment

Data Requirements
The education model will require users to supply a number of data inputs and parameters. These
inputs fall into five basic categories: demographic data, outcome and coverage targets, input
quantity ratios, and unit costs

• Demographic data are needed to establish basic population parameters. Required inputs
include population size, average household size, and number of students in primary school

This data are typically found in national population censuses and statistical databases. The
user should include this information for the “zone” covered in the model (for example,
rural or urban population). Advice for disaggregating by zones is in Part Four of this user
guide: Adapting the model

• Outcome targets define the outcome objectives of the model. In other words, they represent
the state of the world the model is trying to achieve. In the case of water and sanitation,
these outcome objectives include reducing by 50% the proportion of the population
without access to safe drinking water and by 50% the population without access to basic
sanitation (based on 1990 levels)

• Coverage targets define the proportion of the population that will be reached by a given
intervention as part of a package of interventions needed to meet outcome targets. For
water supply and basic sanitation interventions, the coverage targets for each type of
technology will add up to the overall target of 50% gap reduction (such that each targeted
household is reached by one type of technology). In addition, all existing infrastructure
that is defective is assumed to be rehabilitated over the period (such that the percentage of
defective infrastructure is assumed to go to zero by 2015). For wastewater and hygiene
and education interventions, users define constant coverage parameters (such as % of
primary school students receiving hygiene education, or % of existing sewerage
connections newly fitted with wastewater treatment) according to national needs.

• Input quantity ratios define the relationship between beneficiaries and inputs., e.g. households
served by one public standpost. They are necessary to calculate how many units of each
intervention will be needed. In the water and sanitation model, input quantity ratios should
be set at “best practice” levels (i.e. not to reflect current ratios of households to
infrastructure).

• Unit costs describe the cost of a single intervention. Some examples include the cost of
installing a single septic tank, the cost of education one child in basic hygiene, or the cost
of behavioral training accompanying the rollout of one piece of sanitation infrastructure.

6
These costs should be based on average unit costs for the selected intervention. In some
cases, costs are also calculated from other costs on a percentage basis, for example in the
case of O&M or rehabilitation costs (given as % of capital costs) These data can be derived
from a number of sources, including past procurement contracts or current market rates

6
Needs assessments could in theory use marginal costing to estimate resource requirements, but in practice this
involves making quite demanding assumptions about the pattern of marginal costs, for which there is frequently
insufficient empirical evidence. We account for differential marginal costs in two ways. First, we permit
disaggregation of target populations based on relative unit costs (e.g. urban needs can be modeled separately from
rural needs). Second, the model includes specific interventions that target hard-to-reach populations, such as
subsidies for girls’ education

Because the model deals in constant dollars, costs are treated as static, i.e. a household water
connection costs as much in real terms in 2005 as it does in 2015

KEY POINTS:
1. This model calculates the full cost of achieving Millennium Development Target 10

2. The model covers water supply, sanitation, wastewater treatment, and hygiene and education,
which are important components of achieving the MDGs

3. Required inputs include demographic data, outcome and coverage targets, quality parameters
(input quantity ratios and defectiveness ratios), and unit costs. These can be derived from
research, the experience of well-performing countries, national statistics, and records from
relevant line ministries

III. USING THE WATER AND SANITATION MODEL
Modeling Methodology
The model follows the general needs assessment methodology outlined in the Handbook. As you
will remember, this methodology asks users to define the interventions that are required to meet
the Millennium Development Goals, define targets associated with these interventions, and then
determine the resources that will be required to implement them fully

• Interventions are the specific inputs that are needed to deliver services effectively. They
include water and sanitation infrastructure (including construction, rehabilitation, and
operation of infrastructure), wastewater treatment (primary, secondary, and advanced
treatment options) and hygiene and education activities (including behavioral change
programs accompanying rollout, hygiene education in primary schools, and mass media
campaigns)

• Outcome targets, coverage targets, input quantity ratios, and unit costs are all described above

• Resource requirements are calculated using simple multiplication. For most interventions, the
total population (or total number of households) is multiplied by coverage targets to get
the population covered by a particular intervention, which is then multiplied or divided by
input quantity ratios as appropriate to get the number of units required of each
intervention. Finally, the required interventions are multiplied by unit costs, providing the
total resource requirements for each year. For rehabilitation and wastewater treatment
interventions, coverage parameters are multiplied by total number of units to determine
the number of units requiring the interventions, and then multiplied by unit costs

Methodology for calculating resource requirements
The Worksheets
Overview sheet
The Overview sheet provides a general overview to the model

Interventions
The Interventions page allows the user to define interventions and associated intervention targets

The page is divided into four sections that correspond to the four general areas of water and
sanitation interventions addressed by the model: water supply, basic sanitation, wastewater
treatment, and hygiene and education. In each area, the Interventions page lists categories of
specific interventions that form the basis of the needs assessment exercise

The cells on this page are linked to relevant fields on the other worksheets, so changing
intervention names on this page will change them throughout the model. We will return to this
feature in Part Four: Adapting the Model

Population Data
On this page, the user enters country-level population and demographic data. Required data
include population size, average household size, and number of students in primary school. If the
user wishes to calculate separate estimates for rural and urban areas (strongly suggested) or for
other regional or demographic “zones”, data should be entered for only one zone per model. See
Part Four for more details on disaggregated assessments. Data need to be entered for the base
year, and growth projections need to be made for subsequent years until 2015

It is important that these data are as recent and as accurate as possible, and that growth projections
are based on reasonable assumptions. These data underpin the entire costing model, so it is
essential to verify their accuracy. Population data and projections can be obtained from national
census data, as well as from the UN Population Division

NB: When conducting needs assessments that cover more than one sector, users should check to
make sure that the same population data are used across different models to ensure consistency of
results

Coverage
The Coverage section permits users to enter the coverage targets and input quantity ratios defining
the reach of water and sanitation interventions. Coverage targets work similarly for water supply
and basic sanitation interventions, so we illustrate their use with examples from sanitation

Coverage targets for wastewater and hygiene and education interventions are explained at the end
of this segment

Water supply and basic sanitation coverage targets are split into three sections: access statistics,
type of infrastructure, and % of infrastructure that is defective

T
2015 targets. The “access” section calculates the overall percentage of the population that will
need access to basic sanitation by 2015 to meet Target 10. Users enter data from 1990 and
current 2005 levels. The 2015 column is filled in automatically, by halving the proportion of the
population without access, based on 1990 levels. The difference between current levels and this
target is how much the overall package of sanitation interventions will scale-up over the 10 year
period

T
each technology option. For the 2005 column, users should input the current percentage of
households with access to each type of technology. These percentages should ADD UP to the
7
“access 2005” data that you entered above . In the 2015 target column, users define the levels of
access to each technology—the “target intervention mix”—for which the water and sanitation
strategy aims. These percentages should add up to the access target for 2015. For example, in
the figure above there are 6 MDG compatible sanitation technologies defined. The current
coverage of each—conventional sewerage at 0.0%, simplified sewerage at 1.9%, septic tanks at
7.6%, pour flush toilets at 0.8%, VIPs at 0.0%, and Improved Pit Latrines (Two Pit) at
8.7%—sum to the 2005 access figure of 19.0%. The target access figure, 53.2%, is divided into
the access figures for each of the technologies—conventional sewerage at 0.0%, simplified
sewerage at 16.10%, septic tanks at 11.0%, pour flush toilets at 5.10%, VIPs at 0.0%, and
Improved Pit Latrines (Two Pit) at 21%. The line in red text, “Totals check—sums to access
inputs above?” contains a formula to check that the technology breakdown adds up to the overall
access percentage. Note that although each currently used technology is scaled up, the target
intervention mix shifts the relative contribution of each to the overall access rates, focusing more
heavily on simplified sewerage and pour flush toilets and less on septic tanks and improved pit
latrines. Two technologies, conventional sewerage and VIPs, are not included in either mix,
indicating that they were In the last section, “% of infrastructure that is defectiv
7
This correspondence is by definition. Total access to water supply and sanitation technologies should be the
combined percentages of people with access to technologies defined as “MDG-compatible”
e
model assumes that this proportion will decrease to zero over the period, such that all currently
defective infrastructure is rehabilitated by 2015. Coverage inputs for wastewater treatment and
for hyg
d
each line item. Wastewater TreatmentCurrent % of sewered connections fitted with wastewater treatmentPrimary treatm

Needs Assessment and MDG-Based PRS Resources..28 I. NEEDS ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW This user guide is a step-by-step introduction to the UN Millennium Project’s …

Download Now

Documemt Updated

Popular Download

• › Winning Resume Template University Of California San
• › Working Drawings Floor Plans City University Of
• › Web Forms For Marketers 8 Sitecore
• › Work From Home
• › Why Print Is An Effective Way To Inform And Influence Visitors
• › Work Process Documentation Guidelines Dmb
• › Work Order Template
• › Work Order Management Northwind
• › What Is A Nonprofit Performance Management System
• › Writing And Format Of Reports
• › Wfp Invoice Tracking System Imgix
• › Wholesale Catalog Susatalancom
• › Wwwflash Ebrochure Makercom Pdf To Flash Brochure Pro
• › Wwwthinkingmaps Lisd
• › Wholesale Product Catalog Infinitecbdcom
• › Wholesale Product Catalog Tennessee Cheesecake
• › Work Life Employee Assistance Program Brochure United
• › Wedding Planning Checklist My Wedding
• › Writing Informal Reports Microsoft
• › Witness Statement To Friends Family Associates

Frequently Asked Questions

How does the water and sanitation needs assessment tool work?

Based on data input by the user, the water and sanitation needs assessment tool estimates the associated costs to support water and sanitation interventions as part of a strategy for meeting the MDGs at the national level.

Is there a user guide for the mdg needs assessment tool?

This user guide is a step-by-step introduction to the UN Millennium Project’s water and sanitation needs assessment tool. It assumes that users have read the Handbook 1 and have a basic familiarity with the fundamentals of an MDG Needs Assessment, but does not presume any prior technical knowledge of MDG needs assessment tools.

What is the purpose of a wash needs assessment?

It includes guidance on a variety of data collection techniques in addition to assessment checklists for water, sanitation, and public health promotion. Uses: The two primary purposes for conducting a water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) needs assessment are to: Inform response priorities and plans.

How can the water and sanitation model be adapted for different countries?

The water and sanitation model is designed to be generally applicable to a broad range of countries and systems, but countries may wish to adapt it further to local circumstances. Here, we discuss four adaptations that countries may wish to make to the model: dropping interventions, changing interventions, adding interventions, and adding regions.